Short Note of Nepal earthquake
Out of 75 districts, 30 districts in Nepal have been affected with the earthquake on 25 April2015. The hard hit districts are reported to beLamjung (considered an epicenter of the earthquake), Gorkha, Dhadhing, Rasuwa, Sindhupalchowk, Kavre, Nuwakot, Dolakha, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Ramechhap. All of these districts are populated by various indigenous groups.There has been no verified information received so far on the actual number of casualties and the situation in Lamjung despite of it being the epicenter of the earthquake. Lamjung has a high population of Gurungs.Two villages of Gorkha, Barpark and Larpark have been totally flattened out. While the initiatives for Barpark seem to have started, nothing has been possible for Larpark since the relief helicopters could not land. The pictures shared in tweets show totally flattened out entire village and the badly damaged hills. Larpark is notably a Gurung village. Baburam Bhattarai, former PM of Nepal has pointed out for the need of small helicopters to operate in this area to that of large ones currently deployed by the Indian Army.Very less is known about Rasuwa. The helicopter survey shows all washed out village and completely ruined Langtang National park where the number of trekkers are either stranded or not have survived. Exact number of casualties is not verified and known. This district is home to Tamang, Gurungs and Sherpa indigenous community.Till now, Earthquake-Nepal (Ministry of Home Affairs) twitter handle has confirmed 875 deaths and 279 injured in Sindhupalchowk. Sindhupalchowk has population of Tamang, Majhi, Sherpa, Thami, Hyolmo, and Newars.In Dolakha, 808 deaths and 2400 injuries hasbeen reported by Earthquake-Nepal (Ministryof Home Affairs) twitter handle. Around 300 yarshagumba pickers are reportedly missingin the upper Dolakha valley. Dolakha has the population of Surel, Jirel, Thami groups.Earthquake-Nepal (Ministry of Home Affairs) twitter handle has confirmed the deaths (808) and injuries(2400) in Kathmandu and 232 death and 232 injuries in Bhaktapur.There has been no information on the death/injuries or the situation report on otherdistricts. The media and the citizens-led relief initiatives seem to be concentrating on Kathmandu and Gorkha.The earthquake has destroyed the four important UNESCO cultural heritage sites of Nepal which was important historical record of the Indigenous population in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. They used to hold significant role in the practice of cultural rituals too.Basic Needsa) food items*.energy/chocolate bars (as a back up)*.dry food (nuts, biscuits)*.instant noodles*.water (bottled)b) clothes/survival kit*.blankets - rain coats (it can be use and throw type)*.wind cheaters (only if in large quantity or else it will lead to conflict)*.torches*.batteries -*.sanitary supplies (sanitizers, soaps, sanitary pads, etc.) -*.waterproof tentsc) medical supplies*.water purifiers/chlorine tablets*.first aid boxes (bandages, gloves, masks, band aid tapes, etc.)For the hospitals/medical teamsa) all types of emergency medicines (I/V cannula IV drip sets, elastoplasts, leucoplast,splints, casts for fracture-plaster of paris various sizes, gloves, blades and scalpels, bandages and dressing pad, Injections of xylocaine/Lidocaineb) medicines for chronic conditions like diabetes, hypertension c) IV fluids d) IV antiobiotics (gentamicin, ceftriaxone)and volunteers for orthopaedics, cardiothoracics, trauma specialists and nursing.Information sourced out from various sources
-kathmanduDate25 April 2015Origin time11:56:26NST[1]Magnitude7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)[1]Epicenter28.147°N 84.708°E[1]TypeThrust[1]Areas affected*.Nepal*.India*.China*.BangladeshMax. intensityIX (Violent)[1]Aftershocks7.3Mwon 12 May at 12:51[3]6.7Mwon 26 April at 12:54[4]No. of aftershocks( >=4ML)=311 (as of 11 June 2015)[5]Casualties8,786 dead in Nepal (officially) and 8,947 in total[6][7]21,952 injured (officially)[6]TheApril 2015 Nepal earthquake(also known as theGorkha earthquake)[5][8]killed more than 8,800 people and injured more than 23,000. It occurred at11:56 NSTon 25 April, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]and a maximumMercalli Intensityof IX (Violent). Itsepicenterwas east of the district ofLamjung, and itshypocenterwas at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).[1]It was the worst natural disaster to strikeNepalsince the1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[9][10][11]The earthquake triggeredan avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[12]making April 25, 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[13]The earthquaketriggered another huge avalanche in theLangtangvalley, where 250 people were reported missing.[14][15]Hundreds of thousands of people were madehomeless with entire villages flattened,[14][16][17]across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCOWorld Heritage sitesin theKathmandu Valley, including some at theKathmandu Durbar Square, thePatanDurbar Squar, theBhaktapur Durbar Square, theChangu NarayanTemple and theSwayambhunathStupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake,particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[18][19]Continuedaftershocksoccurred throughout Nepal within 15–20 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26April at12:54:08NST.[4]The country also had a continued risk of landslides.[20]A major aftershockoccurred on 12 May 2015at12:51 NSTwith amoment magnitude(Mw) of 7.3.[21]The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.[22]More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.[23]EarthquakeMap of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May, showing location of major historical earthquakesThe earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at11:56 a.m.NST(06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[24]with itsepicentreapproximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast ofLamjung,Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds.[25]The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mwby theUnited States Geological Survey(USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. TheChina Earthquake Networks Center(CENC) reportedthe earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. TheIndia Meteorological Department(IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mwand its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest ofKathmandu, the capital of Nepal.Bharatpurwas the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mwor greater occurred in the day following theinitial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[26]According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where theIndian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath theEurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[24]Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m(10 ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[27]The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur,The Hinduquoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in theMain Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[28]According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that suchan earthquake would not occur again. Tuckerrecounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said,"We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[29]Geology
-kathmanduDate25 April 2015Origin time11:56:26NST[1]Magnitude7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)[1]Epicenter28.147°N 84.708°E[1]TypeThrust[1]Areas affected*.Nepal*.India*.China*.BangladeshMax. intensityIX (Violent)[1]Aftershocks7.3Mwon 12 May at 12:51[3]6.7Mwon 26 April at 12:54[4]No. of aftershocks( >=4ML)=311 (as of 11 June 2015)[5]Casualties8,786 dead in Nepal (officially) and 8,947 in total[6][7]21,952 injured (officially)[6]TheApril 2015 Nepal earthquake(also known as theGorkha earthquake)[5][8]killed more than 8,800 people and injured more than 23,000. It occurred at11:56 NSTon 25 April, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw[1]or 8.1Ms[2]and a maximumMercalli Intensityof IX (Violent). Itsepicenterwas east of the district ofLamjung, and itshypocenterwas at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).[1]It was the worst natural disaster to strikeNepalsince the1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[9][10][11]The earthquake triggeredan avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[12]making April 25, 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[13]The earthquaketriggered another huge avalanche in theLangtangvalley, where 250 people were reported missing.[14][15]Hundreds of thousands of people were madehomeless with entire villages flattened,[14][16][17]across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCOWorld Heritage sitesin theKathmandu Valley, including some at theKathmandu Durbar Square, thePatanDurbar Squar, theBhaktapur Durbar Square, theChangu NarayanTemple and theSwayambhunathStupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake,particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[18][19]Continuedaftershocksoccurred throughout Nepal within 15–20 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26April at12:54:08NST.[4]The country also had a continued risk of landslides.[20]A major aftershockoccurred on 12 May 2015at12:51 NSTwith amoment magnitude(Mw) of 7.3.[21]The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.[22]More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.[23]EarthquakeMap of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May, showing location of major historical earthquakesThe earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at11:56 a.m.NST(06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[24]with itsepicentreapproximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast ofLamjung,Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds.[25]The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mwby theUnited States Geological Survey(USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. TheChina Earthquake Networks Center(CENC) reportedthe earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. TheIndia Meteorological Department(IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mwand its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest ofKathmandu, the capital of Nepal.Bharatpurwas the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mwor greater occurred in the day following theinitial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[26]According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where theIndian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath theEurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[24]Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m(10 ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[27]The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur,The Hinduquoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in theMain Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[28]According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that suchan earthquake would not occur again. Tuckerrecounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said,"We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[29]Geology
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